Con el objetivo de contribuir al debate actual sobre la necesidad del esclarecimiento de los fundamentos filosóficos de la investigación científica y su declaración en el discurso que expone sus principales resultados, se valoró la forma en que se asume la perspectiva dialéctico-materialista y se precisó en torno a algunos enfoques polémicos sobre la necesidad de su empleo consecuente como referente cosmovisivo en la construcción de la ciencia y la legitimación de sus resultados. Se enfatizó en la necesidad de su (...) consecuente empleo en el proceso de investigación. In order to contribute to the current debate on the necessity for clarification of the philosophical foundations of scientific research and its interpretation in discourse that exposes its main results, it was assessed how dialectical materialistic perspective is assumed and it was clarified around some controversial approaches about the necessity of its consistent use as a comprehensive reference in building science and the legitimacy of its results. It was emphasized on the need of its consistent use in the research process. (shrink)

El presente ensayo pretende cubrir una de las tendencias del pensamiento reaccionario chileno, partiendo de la hipótesis de la imposibilidad de un conservadurismo no católico, debido a la mengua del secularismo en Chile, por la persistencia de la teología política ultramontana, desde el padre Rafael Valdivieso hasta el historicismo católico-romántico de Jaime Eyzaguirre. El archivo principal de este trabajo muestra la confluencia entre la tesis de Palacios sobre la “raza chilena”, el portalianismo dialéctico y anti-intelectualista de Edwards y Encina, (...) y la belicología militar afincada en la doctrina de la guerra total de Ludendorff entre los intelectuales castrenses chilenos. Finalmente, intento una mirada estructural, apoyada en el marxismo y el psicoanálisis, para explicar la forma en que la “jerga de la autenticidad” chilena (el término es de Adorno) recubre la negatividad destructiva del lazo social inherente a las formaciones capitalistas. Las fantasías nacionales del conservantismo chileno, si bien en crisis durante el período neoliberal, renacen ahora como alternativas probables de interpelación ideológica para la comunidad letrada del fascismo en peligro. _Palabras clave: _Ideario conservador-católico - Raza chilena - Catexis del ser nacional - Jerga de la autenticidad - Negatividad capitalista - Ideología. (shrink)

Este trabajo propone un enfoque metodológico, de corte hermenéutico, parainterpretar escritores políticos del pasado. El método que aquí se formula,explicitado en la última parte de este trabajo, lleva por nombre “enfoquede la doble significación de los textos clásicos”. Este hunde sus raíces enun debate acerca del valioso aporte y la profunda influencia que ha tenidola metodología para la interpretación de los textos clásicos elaborada porQuentin Skinner, como a su injustificada crítica a otras metodologías contralas cuales él levanta su propia orientación. (...) Por lo tanto, el enfoque que aquíse propone resulta también deudor de la perspectiva de análisis a la queSkinner se enfrenta de forma radical. (shrink)

Eudaimony and destiny.- Almost all the classical theories on ethics place man's objective as his search for happiness. This ideal is based on nature. Medieval thinkers, considering man as a person, came to the conclusion that he is called t o a transcendental destiny; however, because they continued to use the classical ideal of happiness as a conceptual model, they created quite a few difficulties: self-transcendence and self-fulfillment are opposing models. L. Polo, on the other hand, proposes a non-naturalist anthropology (...) that considers each person as destined to transcendence. (shrink)

Se propone en este artículo que algunos de los conceptos y teorías propuestos por los publicistas españoles del llamado Siglo de Oro puedan ser útiles en la creación de un proyecto político nuevo, no como objeto de imitación, sino como filones de los cuales sacar enseñanzas. Después de considerar los problemas congénitos del liberalismo y el marxismo, el autor presenta ejemplos sacados de la obra de autores como Juan de Mariana y Diego de Saavedra Fajardo que confrontan temas contemporáneos como (...) la interdependencia de la paz y la justicia, los límites necesarios al poder político para evitar la tiran(a y la importancia de la solidaridad entre gobernantes y gobernados para que una comunidad sea estable. (shrink)

It is well known that, in Peano arithmetic, there exists a formula Theor (x) which numerates the set of theorems. By Gödel's and Löb's results, we have that Theor (˹p˺) ≡ p implies p is a theorem ∼Theor (˹p˺) ≡ p implies p is provably equivalent to Theor (˹0 = 1˺). Therefore, the considered "equations" admit, up to provable equivalence, only one solution. In this paper we prove (Corollary 1) that, in general, if P (x) is an arbitrary formula built (...) from Theor (x), then the fixed-point of P (x) (which exists by the diagonalization lemma) is unique up to provable equivalence. This result is settled referring to the concept of diagonalizable algebra (see Introduction). (shrink)

La jurisdicción constitucional nació el 24 de febrero de 1803 en una desangelada sala en la planta baja del Capitolio cedida por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos al Tribunal Supremo cuando su presidente, el Chief Justice John Marshall hizo pública la sentencia en el caso Marbury v. Madison. En ella se establecía la revisión judicial de las leyes (y también de los actos del Gobierno, pero éste es otro tema) sacándosela de la manga de la toga como de una (...) chistera extraen un conejo los prestidigitadores, pues la Constitución del nuevo país, promulgada en 1787 y todavía vigente, no preveía expresamente tal competencia. (shrink)

En 'Cuestiones fundamentales de la sociología', texto hasta ahora inédito en castellano, Simmel sitúa el campo de investigación de esta disciplina como el espacio intermedio donde se produce el constante fluir de la interacción social, donde los encuentros generan actitudes y rituales, tanto en situaciones previstas como casuales y espontáneas. Por eso, Simmel incluye en su perspectiva sociológica fenómenos hasta ese momento desatendidos, como el secreto, el amor, la amistad, el adorno, el vestir, los perfumes, la hostilidad y la hospitalidad, (...) la fidelidad y la gratitud. Al evitar el estilo científico académico, Simmel crea un nuevo tipo de ciencia, que partiendo de una interrogación epistemológica y ontológica es capaz de proporcionar estructuras cognitivas sólidas acerca de las formas empíricas de lo social. De ahí que su 'sociología formal' desemboque en una 'sociología filosófica', desde la que plantea tres grandes oposiciones no superadas; entre individuo y sociedad, entre libertad e igualdad y entre socialismo e individualismo. Integrar estos contrastes en una síntesis es la gran tarea del futuro, 'una vez que el primado de las formas deje de ser patrimonio de la economía'. (shrink)

We generalize a well-knownSmullyan's result, by showing that any two sets of the kindC a = {x/ xa} andC b = {x/ xb} are effectively inseparable (if I b). Then we investigate logical and recursive consequences of this fact (see Introduction).

As early as 1905, Husserl made clear that, when it comes to aesthetic consideration, our “interest” is not directed toward the existence of the object as such, but rather toward the object’s way of appearance. Husserl’s famous letter to Hofmannsthal (1907) goes as far as to suggest that any existential concerns are potentially even a menace to the purity of aesthetic experience. This position clearly echoes Kant’s account of aesthetic judgment presented in the third Critique, notably as regards the notion (...) of disinterestedness. However, this is not tantamount to claiming that aesthetic attitude implies the suspension of all interest: this paper aims to show that it would be more appropriate to discuss it in terms of a change of interest: from an existential interest to an axiological one. (shrink)

Griffiths and Matthewson (2018) employ the selected effects theory to contend that disease involves the impairment of the normal functioning of biological items. Since the selected effects theory focuses on the past effects of those items, I refer to their proposal as “aetiological naturalism”. In this paper, I argue that aetiological naturalism cannot constitute an adequate theory of disease. This is due to the fact that the selected effects theory, which lies at the heart of aetiological naturalism, is flawed. One (...) promise of the selected effects theory is indeed that it is able to account for our normative intuitions about dysfunctional biological items by grounding them on the concept of natural selection incorporated in the selected effects theory itself, where this promise rests upon its claim that appealing to the fitness-enhancing effect of biological items can always explain why they persisted in a population. However, I contend that the naturalisation of normativity cannot be cashed out in terms of biological items’ past effects by discussing two biological phenomena: phenotypic plasticity and negative frequency-dependent selection. I illustrate that in both cases the selected effects theory cannot recognise adaptive items as having a selected effects function, therefore preventing the possibility to assign them any dysfunction. The normative force of the selected effects theory is consequently much diminished, leading in turn to a weakening of aetiological naturalism, given that such project actually relies on the assumed normative force of the selected effects theory itself. (shrink)

L’articolo esamina la proposta europea di regolamento sull’intelligenza artificiale, AI Act (AIA). In particolare, esamina il modello di analisi e valutazione del rischio dei sistemi di IA. L’articolo identifica tre potenziali problemi di implementazione del regolamento: (1) la predeterminazione dei livelli di rischio, (2) la genericità del giudizio di significatività del rischio e (3) l’indeterminatezza della valutazione sull’impatto dei diritti fondamentali. Il saggio suggeriscealcune soluzioni per affrontare questi tre problemi.

En este artículo se pretende explicar las líneas generales de la obra filosófica de Germain G. Grisez desde el primer principio de la razón práctica de Santo Tomás hasta la construcción de los bienes básicos. Grisez, a través de sus artículos, intenta una lectura radical de Santo Tomás y pretende mostrar que la inclinación teleológica aristotélica puede ser también entendida deontológicamente, siguiendo la obra de Kant, y que el primer principio de la razón práctica permite que la ley natural proteja (...) toda una serie de bienes en los que se manifiesta el bien supremo que es Dios. Entre los bienes básicos, se estudia con mayor detenimiento el de la religión, mostrando diferencias y semejanzas con la obra de Kant.This article intends to explain the broad lines German G. Grisez’s philosophical work from the first principle of practical reason of St Thomas to the construction of basic goods. Grisez through his articles attempts a radical reading of St Thomas and aims to show that theological Aristotelian inclination can be also understood in a deontological way following the work of Kant and, that the first principle of practical reason allows natural law to protect a range of goods in which God, the supreme good, is shown. Among the basic goods, religion is thoroughly studied, showing differences and similarities with the work of Kant. (shrink)

Relational mechanics is a gauge theory of classical mechanics whose laws do not govern the motion of individual particles but the evolution of the distances between particles. Its formulation gives a satisfactory answer to Leibniz’s and Mach’s criticisms of Newton’s mechanics: relational mechanics does not rely on the idea of an absolute space. When describing the behavior of small subsystems with respect to the so called “fixed stars”, relational mechanics basically agrees with Newtonian mechanics. However, those subsystems having huge angular (...) momentum will deviate from the Newtonian behavior if they are described in the frame of fixed stars. Such subsystems naturally belong to the field of astronomy; they can be used to test the relational theory. (shrink)

O tema deste artigo é o insucesso da produção teatral do poeta suábio Friedrich Holderlin na confecção de “A morte de Empédocles”_. _O objetivo é apontar a crescente ausência de indicações cênicas e elementos de representação entre as três versões inacabadas da obra. Para tal comentaremos diversos instantes do objeto analisado nos quais transparecem ora caracteres filosóficos, ora caracteres poéticos e também teatrais, com indicações do abandono da teatralidade e do ambiente cênico em favorecimento da poesia e de uma visão (...) mítica da personagem principal. Nosso fundamento teórico será composto por alguns autores que consideram o desenvolvimento histórico da obra de Holderlin enquanto poeta do século XVIII. Os resultados alcançados indicam que a constante revisão da peça teatral deveu-se às mudanças de concepção sobre o sentido da tragédia como conceito, não tendo o autor conseguido transpor para o texto cênico a quintessência de sua ideia criadora. A conclusão a que chegamos indica que Holderlin não atende ao escopo da tragédia como expressão teatral no sentido aristotélico porque seu personagem principal supera a dicotomia que está na base de toda obra trágica: o conflito entre o indivíduo livre e seu tempo obscuro, sua cultura decaída, seu destino fatídico. Empédocles vira um mito. (shrink)

RESUMO Uma das críticas mais contundentes ao argumento de Hume contrário ao status a priori ou logicamente verdadeiro da máxima causal - a de que todo evento deve ter uma causa - é a de Anscombe. Ela critica a passagem de Hume da contingência das associações causais particulares - que este evento deva ter esta causa - para a contingência de qualquer causa - que este evento tenha que ter alguma causa. Meu objetivo é defendê-lo da sua crítica, argumentando que (...) o raciocínio de Hume depende de premissas anteriores do “Tratado da Natureza Humana”, particularmente da sua filosofia da percepção e da sua filosofia do tempo. A apreciação dessas premissas torna o seu argumento mais interessante e menos vulnerável às considerações de Anscombe. ABSTRACT One of the most incisive criticisms of Hume’s argument against the causal maxim - that every event must have a cause - a priori or logically true status comes from Anscombe. She criticizes Hume’s inference from the contingency of particular causal associations - that this event must have this cause - to the contingency of any cause - that this event must have any cause. My aim is to defend him from her criticism, arguing that Hume’s reasoning depends on earlier premises of the “Treatise of Human Nature”, particularly its philosophy of perception and philosophy of time. An appreciation of these premises makes his arguments more interesting and less vulnerable to Anscombe’s considerations. (shrink)

The landscape of social theory has changed significantly over the three decades since the publication of Anthony Giddens and Jonathan Turner’s seminal Social Theory Today. Sociologists in the twenty-first century desperately need a new agenda centered around central questions of social theory. In Social Theory Now, Claudio E. Benzecry, Monika Krause, and Isaac Ariail Reed set a new course for sociologists, bringing together contributions from the most distinctive sociological traditions in an ambitious survey of where social theory is today (...) and where it might be going. The book provides a strategic window onto social theory based on current research, examining trends in classical traditions and the cutting edge of more recent approaches. From distinctive theoretical positions, contributors address questions about how social order is accomplished; the role of materiality, practice, and meaning; as well as the conditions for the knowledge of the social world. The theoretical traditions presented include cultural sociology, microsociologies, world-system theory and post-colonial theory, gender and feminism, actor network and network theory, systems theory, field theory, rational choice, poststructuralism, pragmatism, and the sociology of conventions. Each chapter introduces a tradition and presents an agenda for further theoretical development. Social Theory Now is an essential tool for sociologists. It will be central to the discussion and teaching of contemporary social theory for years to come. (shrink)

Advances in genetic technology will enable us to intervene in human biological development to prevent and cure diseases, to restore individuals' functions and capacities back to a normal level after injury and even to enhance them beyond what has hitherto been considered as normal functioning for our species. Such a power to reshape and modify the human condition raises fundamental questions that touch upon the central core of morality. One of these questions is distributive justice. Will all people have equal (...) access to the beneficial effects of genetic technology in general and medical genetics in particular? Most of the new therapeutic and enhancement techniques will probably be quite expensive. That means that, probably during a long period of time after the new genetic technology enters medical practice, its use will be practically monopolized by the rich, to the detriment of all those who are not in a position to afford genetic treatments. In this paper, I argue that the health care inequality that inevitably will follow from the adoption of genetic technology, while posing a challenge to provide as long as possible for genetic interventions for all, is hardly a reason to reject the new technology. In that case, we would have to reject any new medicine or medical technique that cannot be made available to all people at once. Finally, I also argue that the ?enhanced new world? that would follow the introduction of genetic technology, even with the kind of inequality that might then arise, poses no serious threat either to elite sports or to society and should therefore be welcome. (shrink)

Wittgenstein: Epistemology Although Ludwig Wittgenstein is generally more known for his works on logic and on the nature of language, but throughout his philosophical journey he reflected extensively also on epistemic notions such as knowledge, belief, doubt, and certainty. This interest is more evident in his final notebook, published posthumously as On Certainty (1969, henceforth … Continue reading Wittgenstein: Epistemology →.